Background on the Dreyfus Affair [1894-1906] by Michael Sinclair, professor of history, Wake Forest University. A concise, clear presentation of the complexities and conflicts this seminal case raised; includes a 1995 article from
Time Magazine, a belated concession by the French army that Dreyfus was innocent.
Background on the Le Rire images relating to the Dreyfus Affair:
In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935) was court-martialed for treason and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island. At first, public opinion supported his conviction, bolstered by anti-Semitic propaganda. Édouard Drumont was the editor of one such virulent anti-Semitic newspaper. As a Jew living in a culture with a long history of anti-Semitism, Dreyfus became an easy target for hate and mistrust. But opinions changed when it was shown that evidence at Dreyfus's trial had been forged, and when the person who really was guilty, Ferdinand-Walsin Esterhazy, was court martialed. But Esterhazy was found not guilty. In response to this, Émile Zola wrote his famous "J'accuse!" letter, rallying public opinion on the side of Dreyfus.
People who figured prominently in the case frequently made the cover of
Le Rire during this time, often drawn by
Charles Léandre. Among those Léandre memorialized were Drumont, Zola and a Dreyfus supporter, Senator Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, as well as several army generals.
At the time (1897-98) the images below by
Léandre and
Huard were published, supporters (Dreyfusards) like Zola and others with left-wing, anti-cleric, pro-republican views urged that Dreyfus be given a new trial to clear his name. The anti-Dreyfusards, including
Caran d'Ache, were not all anti-Semites, but the scandal was ready made for bigots.
In 1899, with public pressure mounting, Dreyfus was given a new trial. He was again found guilty, and sentenced this time to ten years imprisonment, but shortly after being returned to prison, he was offered clemency, and in 1904, a third trial overturned the verdicts of the previous two trials and cleared him of all charges. Finally, in 1906, his name was officially cleared. He lived to serve again in the army during World War I.
In time, the effects of the scandal and the polarization of public opinion would bring about fundamental changes in French political consciousness, society and government: a Radical-led government enacted the formal separation of church and state in 1905; in little more than a generation, the philosophy of radical republicans and right-wing nationalists was transplanted to Spain, impelling Republicans and Fascists there into the civil war that was the prelude to World War II.
Born in Moscow to French parents (his grandfather was part of Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign), Emmanuel Poire came to Paris at the age of 20 to join the army. The drawings he made of military life and dress were published under the name Caran d'Ache, which means 'pencil' in Russian. His view of the Dreyfus Affair was anti-Dreyfusard, as much from his wish to support the army as from any anti-Semitic feelings he might have had.
