A
AGRICULTURE
-- 16th C. farm leases, how they benefit the capitalist farmer
12
-- agricultural
capital
58,
59
-- "capital farms" or "merchant farms"
7
--
capitalist
farmer origin
12
-- divorce of agriculture from
manufacture
13
-- farm laborers: decrease in numbers; forced to work more intensively
12
-- revolution in, last third 15th Century
12
-- ownership of the soil [
land]
57-59
-- share [tenant] farming
57
Aristotle's limitation re: equality of values
24
Articles of manufacture (see
COMMODITIES)
13
B
Bacon's
Essays
5
Banks and national debt
16,
17
-- Bank of England
16,
17
-- international lending
17
Beggars and the law
9
-- begging license
9
-- punishment for begging/vagrancy (flogging, branding, execution)
9
C
CAPITAL
|
...The productivity of the worker as an associated worker is the productivity of capital. The enhanced productivity of labor which results from association is something that develops free, gratis, a soon as the workers are placed in certain conditions -- and capital places them in these conditions.
39
|
-- centralization of capital
19
-- circulation of commodities as start of capital
27
-- when
money
is not transformed into capital
30
-- historical tendency to accumulate
18
-- owners of capital vs. free workers
3,
50
-- capital's desire for profit, no matter how small
59
-- prelude to history of capital summarized
19
-- usurers' capital and merchants' capital
14
--
constant capital
12,
32
-- increases due to
colonialism
16
--
industrial capital
and creation of home market
13
--
variable capital
32,
51
CAPITALISM
-- international character
19
-- inevitable evolution and destruction
19
CAPITALIST
-- as the owner of product produced by the worker
30
-- competition among capitalists
45
-- role as supervisor over
worker, tools, raw materials
30
Catholic Church, feudal
land
tenure before the Reformation
6
-- suppression of monasteries
6
Child labor (see
LABOR)
COLONIAL SYSTEMS 17-18th C.
-- in the name of Christianity
15
-- Dutch East Indies, Java, Celebes
15,
16
-- effects on common people of Holland
16
-- English East India Company, China and tea trade, monopoly on salt
15
-- Puritans offer bounty for scalps
15
-- West Indies
15
COMMODITIES
20-27
|
...the worker sells his labor power to capital because he lacks the material means requisite for the production of a commodity. But now his individual labor power actually ceases to function unless it is sold to capital. Now, it can function only in an environment which comes into existence in the capitalists's workshop after the sale of labor power has been effected....
41
|
-- circulation of, via money (C–M–C: selling in order to buy)
26,
27
-- defined
20
-- example comparing a coat and 10 yards of linen
22-25
-- as repositories, products of human labor
20
-- created from raw materials and the means of subsistence; formerly, peasants produced means of subsistence from raw materials
13
-- transformation of money and commodities into capital
3,
30-33
--
use-value
and
exchange value
of commodities compared
20,
22
-- exchange is what turns a product into a commodity
21
-- labor power as a commodity whose use value is a source of value
28
-- value of commodity; the utility of a commodity
22
Conscience: something that can have a price but no value
26
COOPERATION
39
-- starting point for: large number workers and manufacture
41
-- how capital increases production
39
Cromwell
6
D
Denial [legend of "Perseus' cap"]
1
Division of labor (see also
MANUFACTURING)
40
,
41
E
Earth: humankind's 'primitive larder and tool-house'
29
Edward III -
Statute of Laborers
10
Edward VI - 1547 statute compelling slavery for anyone who refuses to work
9
Elizabeth I; recognition of pauperism
6
ENCLOSURE OF PUBLIC LANDS
5
,
7
-- creation of great landholders
12
-- England as an example of the divorce of the worker from the soil
4
-- 'clearing of estates'
7
,
8
,
12
-- creation of home market as a result
13
-- expropriation of independent producers
13
-- evolution of expropriation -- from worker and land to
capitalist
19
exchange value
(see also under
Value)
21
F
The FACTORY
48
|
In manufacture and in handicrafts the worker uses a tool; in the factory he serves a machine. In the former case the movements of the instrument of labor proceed from the worker; but in the latter the movements of the worker are subordinate to those of the machine.
48
|
Feudalism, consequences of its break up
4
-- free peasants
5
-- safeguards
4
-- wars and destruction of old nobility
5
Force, midwife of new society and economic power
14
Franklin, Benjamin: "War is robbery, commerce is generally cheating."
27
G H
Henry II - vagrancy laws
9
Henry VII
5
Henry VIII - Act of 1530 dealing with beggars
9
Dr. Hunter quote, a caution against laborers who are too independent
5
I
INDUSTRY
-- development of large scale
41-49
-- modern, large-scale: succeeds in conquest of home market
13
-- industrial capitalist, origins
14-18
-- held back under feudal system and by guild regulations
14
INSTRUMENTS OF LABOR, i.e., means of production
29
-- earth, domestic animals as
29
--
Machines/Machinery
43-49
|
...Machinery like any other constituent of constant capital, does not create any value, but yields up its own value to the product it serves to beget.
44
|
International Workingmen's Association and 8 hour day
37
J K L
LABOR
|
...what is advanced to the worker by the capitalist is only the worker's own labor, realized in a product...
51
|
-- abstract human labor
20
-- advancing to capitalist the use-value of labor power
28
-- as father of material wealth (and earth the mother of material wealth)
22
-- child labor
18,
35,
46
--
commodities
as products of labor
20
-- creates value of commodity and creates
use-values
22
-- exploitation of labor power =
surplus value
33
-- law of supply and demand of labor
10
-- measured by duration of time
21
-- as a necessity imposed by nature
22
-- as a process: purposive activity, its subject matter, its instruments
29
-- purchase and sale of labor power
28
-- rental of labor power
55
-- skilled labor composed of simple labor elements
22
-- stored in commodities
20,
28
-- and
surplus value
29
-- tailoring vs. weaving as qualitatively different forms of labor; analogy of a coat
22-25
-- value of labor power determined by time
28
LAND
-- communal land
7
-- landed aristocracy, new
6
-- privatization of public lands
6
-- productivity of land vs. number of farm laborers
12
-- serfs, driven from the land
5,
7,
8
-- small property owners, as a class of 'barbarians'
59
-- State lands, stolen, sold off
6
-- laws to justify theft of public land
6
-- laws to regulate labor hours and/or pay
10,
36,
47
M
|
...To the extent that the labor process is a simple process between man and nature, its simple elements remain the same in all social forms of development. But every definite historical form of this process develops more and more its material foundations and social forms. Whenever a certain maturity is reached, one definite social form is discarded and displaced by a higher one. The time for the coming of such a crisis is announced by the depth and breadth of the contradictions and antagonisms, which separate the conditions of distribution, and with them the definite historical form of the corresponding conditions of production....
60
|
Macaulay cited, on yeomen vs. country squires
6
MACHINES / MACHINERY
-- as competition for laborers
49
-- as something to cheapen cost of commodities
42
-- as weapons of capital
49
-- as the basis of large-scale industry which in turn creates capitalistic agriculture
13
-- collective worker, formed of many detail workers, as machinery and as builders of machines
41
-- John Stuart Mill quoted on the benefits of mechanical inventions
42
-- three parts to machine: motor, transmitting mechanism, mechanized tool or working machine
42
-- horse power
42
-- ribbon loom; revolt against, and other machines
48,
49
-- power loom
49
-- sawmill, steam engine, wool shearer
49
-- Roman water wheel as elementary form of machine
41
-- steam engine and James Watt
42
MANUFACTURING
-- concentration of
workers, raw materials and tools into a ' few working barracks'
12
-- detail worker as the basis of manufacture
40
-- division of labor
40,
41
-- divorced from
agriculture
13
-- industry, large scale
13
-- industry, petty
19
--
means of production
= material factors; labor power = personal factors
29
-- products, when used as means of production for other products
29
MARKETS
-- world market
19
-- home market
13
Mirabeau ['lion of the revolution'] quoted on the significance of independent workers
13
MONEY
-- as a
commodity
26
-- Augier quote: "Money comes into the world..."
18
-- function as measure of value and standard of price
26
-- the riddle and magic of gold/silver
25
-- transformation into capital (M–C–M, buying in order to sell)
26,
27
-- transformation into commodity
27
-- wages substituted for direct provision of means of subsistence
12
N
National Debt
16
O
Original Sin; theological legend and economic history
2
Ortes, quoted
52
P
Pecqueur quote: "perpetuation of universal mediocrity"
19
Perseus legend
1
William Petty quoted
22
Polarization of population into
capitalists
and
workers
10
Poor laws
7
Poverty, inevitable balance against wealth
52
Profit
50
|
The capitalist...wants to get as much labor as possible for as little money as possible. [What] interests him in practice, is the difference between the price of labor power and the value which its function creates. But he tries to buy all commodities as cheaply as possible, and invariably explains his profit to himself as due simply to buying cheap and selling dear, to buying a thing below its value and sell it above its value. He therefore fails to realise that if such a thing as the value of labor really existed, and he really paid this value, no capital could exist, for his money could not be transformed into capital...
50
|
Price, quoted on subject of land enclosure
7
Prices - rise as rents remain steady, increasing farmer's money capital
12
PRIMARY ACCUMULATION
2-19
-- defined
3
-- factors of primary accumulation: systems of colonialism, national debt, taxation, production
14
-- reliance on force
14
-- State authority to regulate wages, set hours, as an essential element of
10
PRODUCTION
(in essence, reproduction)
51
-- two traits of
capitalist
production:
commodities
and
surplus value
60
|
The capitalist process of production regarded as a connected whole, or as a process of reproduction, therefore produces, not only commodities, not only surplus value, for it also produces and reproduces the capitalist relation itself; produces and reproduces, on one side the capitalist, and on the other the wage worker.
51
|
PROPERTY
-- private property contrasted with social/collective property
19
-- small peasant's property
57-59
Public debt
16
Q R
Reformation
6
RENT: transformed from
surplus value
into ground rent
54-59
-- labor rent
55
-- money rent
56
S
Scottish clans,
driven from the land
7,
8
-- turn to fishing
8
-- forced into towns
8
-- role of Dutchess of Sutherland
8
-- uprooted a second time
8
Science in the service of techniques
19
SLAVE TRADE
14,
15,
18
-- Slavery
35
-- absurdity of concept of "ownership" of land or human beings
54
-- capitalist justification of slavery
54
-- in relation to capital
58
|
Private property in land implies the privilege of the landlord to exploit the body of the globe, the bowels of the earth, the air, and with them the conservation and development of life....
54
|
STATUTE OF LABORERS
-- 1349 and 1360; penalties for paying/accepting high
wages
10
-- related to the length of the
working day
36,
47
-- penalties for workers acting in combination
10
-- maximum wages prescribed; no mention of minimum wage
10
-- 1796: advocation of minimum wage for agricultural workers
11
-- 1813: repeal of laws setting maximum wages
11
-- 1825: abolition of law against workers acting in combination
11
-- 1871: Parliamentary Act to legally reorganize trade unions reduces power of workers to act in combination (strike, unionize)
11
SURPLUS VALUE
29-33
-- relative vs. absolute surplus value
38
-- as it relates to the unequal exchange of
commodities
27
-- as it relates to labor power
28,
29
-- making surplus value 'the sole end and aim of mankind'
16
-- process creating surplus value defined
31
-- rate of
33
-- transformed into ground-rent; price of land
54
T
tariffs, protective
17
taxation, excessive as a principle and effects on wage earner
17
tenants-at-will (small tenant farmers)
7
tools, as products of
labor
29
U
Usury
14
V
VALUE
-- circulation of
commodities
does not create value
27
-- Aristotle: inability to find common essence (human
labor) to determine and compare commodity values
24
-- commodity's value: congealed labor time
21
-- gold as both use and exchange value
25
-- labor as a measure of value
50
-- independent of use value
21
-- having use value without value; when it isn't the outcome of labor
21
-- having use value without being a commodity
21
-- use value only in relation to other commodities
25
-- in exchange, both parties may gain as regards use value
27
-- in exchange, it is impossible for both parties to gain as regards exchange value
27
-- money form
24
-- transferred by machinery to the product
44
--
Exchange Value
20,
24
--
Surplus Value
29-34,
50,
58,
60
|
All surplus value, whatever the form into which it may subsequently become crystalized -- as profit, land-rent, interest, etc. -- is...the materialization of unpaid labor time. The secret of the self-expansion of capital finds its explanation in this, that capital has at its disposal a definite quantity of other people's unpaid labor...50
|
--
Use Value
i.e, utility
20
W X Y Z
Wages
50,
51
Wool trade, Flanders vs. England
5
WORKING CLASS
"Among all the classes that confront the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is really revolutionary. Other classes decay and perish with the rise of large-scale industry, but the proletariate is the most characteristic product of that industry. The lower middle class -- small manufacturers, small traders, handicraftsmen, peasant proprietors -- one and all fight the bourgeoisie in the hope of safe-guarding their existence as sections of the middle class. . . . They are reactionary, for they are trying to make the wheels of history turn backwards."
-- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
Manifesto of the Communist Party,
London, 1848.
60
|
-- as the inevitable result of the
capitalist
process
10,
52
-- class or social differences
10,
52
-- as customers of the home market
13
-- detail worker vs. craftsman
40-42
-- divorced from the soil
4,
12
-- disciplined, unified, organized by mechanism of capitalist method of production
19
-- effects on workers of utilizing
machines; increased employment of women and children
45
-- free workers vs. owners of capital
3,
45
-- free wage earners compared to slaves
50
-- hunger as permanent condition and motivating force
52.
53
-- mankind condemned to work 'by sweat of his brow'
2
-- masterless proletarians
8
-- ownership of the means of production
19
-- proletariat, as revolutionary
60
-- relative surplus population
10
-- servile condition of masses
5,
10
-- skill of the worker
48,
49
-- unemployment, case histories
53
|
The 'House of Terror' for paupers, of which capitalists were alread dreaming in 1770, came into existence a few years later in the shape of a gigantic Workhouse for the industrial workers. It was called a factory. The ideal paled before the reality...36
|
WORKING DAY
30-38
-- English Laborer Statutes
36
-- history of development, shifting and conflicting attitudes
36,
47
--international responses to the notion of limiting the working day
37
-- labor and
value
components of working day
33
-- length of the working day
30-38,
47
-- conflict over length of working day: "Capital is dead labor"
34,
47
-- prolongation due to
machinery
46
Workshops: united vs. separate [Mirabeau mentions]
13
Yeomen
--independent peasantry, role as Cromwell supporters, disappearance
6
--supplanted by tenants-at-will
7
